Igor G. Zurbenko, Amy L. Potrzeba-Macrina
Abstract: A major source of energy on Earth is solar irradiation. This paper uses the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko
filter to smooth and examine sunspot numbers and proves that solar irradiation levels near Earth are
strictly proportional to sunspot numbers. This paper also examines the transport of that energy through
the atmosphere to Earth’s surface. Long term air temperatures on the surface of Earth perfectly follow
the cosine square law along latitudes. Time components of long term temperatures have oscillations
which follow oscillations in sunspot numbers, but due to the regular delays in energy transmission they
are delayed 4-7 years. Cloud formations and vapor accumulations also contribute to those delays, which
have a well-organized time-space structure. The main purpose of this paper is the numerical
identification of human influence over changes in solar activities, which may allow researchers to
identify the effects of various sources of those influences. This evaluation can only be achieved by
separating the scales in order to avoid any false influence from other scales. The clear separation of
scales can only be achieved using the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filter.
Journal: World Scientific News 120(2) (2019), 111-131
URL: http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/WSN-1202-2019-111-131.pdf